Ianna Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies,ISSN(O):2735-9891,ISSN(P):2735-9883
Department of Mass Communication, University of Nigeria
A SOCIO-LEGAL STUDY OF FREE LEGAL AID AND ACCESS TO JUSTICE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF LAW, RELIGION AND SOCIETY
In the present era, legal awareness is essential for every individual. It is not merely a welfare measure but also a necessity for establishing a just and equitable society. This article examines the role of legal aid in ensuring access to justice from a socio-legal perspective. It analyses the constitutional mandates, statutory framework, and social realities that affect the delivery of legal aid, with particular reference to India. The article adopts a socio-legal perspective to examine the role of free legal aid in promoting equitable access to justice, particularly in the context of religious ethics. It explores how religious traditions and ethical principles, such as compassion, charity, fairness, and social responsibility, support and reinforce the moral foundations of legal aid systems. The article also discusses the development of legal aid under common law, the recommendations of the Law Commission regarding free legal aid, and the constitutional guarantees provided under Articles 21 and 39-A of the Constitution of India. Free legal aid has contributed significantly to increasing legal awareness, empowering vulnerable communities, and enhancing citizens' participation in the justice delivery system in India. From an international perspective, legal aid has also strengthened the rule of law and promoted global recognition of access to justice as an essential component of human rights.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ianna Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies,ISSN(O):2735-9891,ISSN(P):2735-9883 https://unijisedu.com/
An Interdisciplinary Study of Artificial Intelligence Governance: Engineering Reliability and Legal Accountability
The study examined the interdisciplinary aspects of Artificial Intelligence Governance by analyzing the relationship between engineering reliability and legal accountability in autonomous AI systems. The research focused on the role of technical reliability in ensuring safe and trustworthy AI operations, the legal challenges associated with AI-driven decision-making, and the need for integrated governance frameworks combining technical, legal, and ethical perspectives. A qualitative and descriptive research design was adopted using secondary data collected from journal articles, policy reports, books, legal documents, and international AI governance frameworks. Thematic and comparative analysis techniques were applied for data interpretation.The findings revealed that transparency, explainability, fairness, cybersecurity, and robustness were essential for improving AI reliability and public trust. The study also identified major legal accountability challenges, including liability issues, algorithmic bias, privacy concerns, and regulatory gaps. The research concluded that effective AI governance required an interdisciplinary framework integrating engineering standards with legal and ethical regulations to ensure responsible and sustainable AI development.
Dr. Monika Gaur, Dr. Garima Yadav, Dr. Karan Singh Gaur
'राम की शक्तिपूजा' में केन्द्रीय संवेदना 'सीता की मुक्ति'
छायावाद के सर्वाधिक प्रसिद्ध कवि महाप्राण निराला द्वारा 1936 ई. में रचित ‘राम की शक्तिपूजा’ एक लंबी प्रबंधात्मक कविता है। यह कविता स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के दौर में लिखी गई भारतीयों के लिए सबसे अधिक प्ररेणा का स्रोत रही। उस दौर में स्त्रियों ने भी स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में बढ़-चढ़ कर भागीदारी की, परन्तु स्वंय की स्थिति से उभर नहीं पाई थी। ‘राम की शक्तिपूजा’ के माध्यम से स्त्रियो को घर की चारदीवारी से बाहर लाने का काम निराला जी ने किया है जिसके बाद उन्होंने समाज में अपनी पहचान कायम की। इस कविता का केन्द्रीय भाव सीता की मुक्ति और सीता के प्रतीक के माध्यम से नारी मुक्ति की कामना की है। निराला गार्हस्थिक प्रेम के कवि हैं उनके सम्पूर्ण साहित्य में गार्हस्थिक प्रेम के प्रति समर्पण के कई उदाहरण दिखते हैं। जैसे पंचवटी प्रसंग में तुलसीदास तथा सरोज-स्मृति के भी कुछ अंश है। शक्तिपूजा की मूल संवेदना इसी कड़ी का अगला चरण है। वे सरोज-स्मृति में पुत्री की मुक्ति करते हैं। ‘राम की शक्तिपूजा’ में पत्नी की मुक्ति उनकी नारी मुक्ति चेतना का सर्वोच्च चरण है जिस अधर्मी व आसुरी शक्ति का स्त्रियों को सामना करना पड़ता है। राम की शक्तिपूजा में सीता की मुक्ति का केन्द्रीय भाव है। इसका प्रमाण यह है कि सिर्फ कथानक के उद्देश्य के रूप में नहीं बल्कि हर मोड़ पर सीता उपस्थित हैं। यूं प्रतीत होता है कि राम के पास न होते हुए भी राम के शिविर की सभी घटनाओं का संचालन सीता ही कर रही हैं।
"INDO–MYANMAR BORDER TRADE AFTER THE 2021 MILITARY COUP: DISRUPTIONS AND STRATEGIC CONCERNS "
The Military Coup that took place in 2021 in Myanmar has been a defining moment for Myanmar's political direction and, most importantly, the cross-border trade relations with India. This paper will delve into the extent and impact of the coup on the trade relations with India. Particular focus is given to the security, informal trade, and the broad area of strategic concerns surrounding China's influence in the Myanmar border regions. The study draws its findings solely from secondary materials — such as scholarly works, policy documents, trade data, and media reports. It argues that a nuanced reassessment of India's border trade strategy is necessary—one that integrates economic goals with security and geopolitical imperatives in a rapidly shifting regional environment.
Felicita Gonmei, Dr Ksh Narayan Singh, Chingangbam Sanajaoba Meitei
ADVANCED WIRELESS VEHICLE USING INFRARED REMOTE TECHNOLOGY
The Wireless Remote-Controlled Vehicle is planned to be controlled with the help of an infrared (IR) remote and infrared receiver module which offers an effective and cost-effective robotic means of control. This system is composed of the Arduino Uno microcontroller that receives an IR signal sent by a conventional IR remote. When sent these signals, the encoded messages are decoded through the Arduino and cause the L298N motor driver module to turn on and off the speed and direction of the vehicle DC motors. The car is made up of two motors and wheels on a bare chassis to ensure easy forward, retrogression, left, and right movement. The IR control technique provides a reliable and short wireless communication over the distance and without interference. In this project, the practical use of embedded systems, wireless communication and control over motor movement in robotics is realized. It is user friendly and can be extended to more sensors to obtain further automation and avoidance of obstacles.
M.Sweetline Sonia, Dr.S.Ponlatha, S.Kirubakaran, A.Kavipriyan, S.Madhanrajan , K.Pradeep
La³⁺ Modulated Cu₀.₅Co₀.₅Fe₂₋ₓLaₓO₄ Spinel Ferrites: Structural, Magnetic, and Temperature-Dependent Dielectric Spectroscopy for Microwave Absorption and Dielectric Device Applications
La³⁺ modulated Cu₀.₅Co₀.₅Fe₂₋ₓLaₓO₄ (x = 0.16 and 0.20) spinel ferrites were synthesized and their structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties were investigated for microwave absorption and dielectric device applications. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase cubic spinel structure (Fd-3m). The lattice constant increased slightly from 8.355 Å to 8.359 Å, and crystallite size increased from 39.46 nm to 44.28 nm with La³⁺ substitution. Bertaut’s intensity ratio method revealed strong preferential occupancy of La³⁺ ions at octahedral [B] sites.VSM measurements showed a drastic reduction in saturation magnetization (Ms) from 37.8 emu/g (x = 0.16) to 1.94 emu/g (x = 0.20), with the magnetic moment (nB) decreasing from 1.69 μB to 0.088 μB. Temperature-dependent dielectric spectroscopy at 100 Hz revealed a dielectric constant (ε′ ≈ 1.1 × 10⁶) and high dielectric loss (ε″ ≈ 28–30 × 10⁶) for x = 0.16, which decreased significantly to ε′ ≈ 1.3 × 10⁵ and ε″ ≈ 7–8 × 10⁶ for x = 0.20. The Curie temperature shifted from 290–310°C to 320–340°C with increasing La content. The suppression in magnetic and dielectric properties is attributed to the replacement of magnetic Fe³⁺ by non-magnetic La³⁺ ions at octahedral sites, weakening superexchange interactions and electron hopping. These results indicate that La³⁺ modulation effectively tunes the multifunctional properties of Cu-Co ferrites, making them promising for microwave absorption and dielectric device applications.
Tikeshwar S.Nagose,P.R.Moharkar, Pranali K.Tembhurne,Amrut S.Lanje, ,Kishor G.Rewatkar,Urvashi P.Manik,Bhaurao R. Balbudhe, Shrikant M.Suryawanshi
Copyright (c) 2025 Ianna Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies,ISSN(O):2735-9891,ISSN(P):2735-9883 https://unijisedu.com/
EVALUATION THE ML AND DEEP LEARNING MODELS FOR AUTOMATED SENTIMENT CLASSIFICATION OF YOUTUBE COMMENTS
YouTube's comments provide a wealth of sentiment information for different video categories. However, the sheer volume of data and the presence of noise make the analysis a challenging task. In this study, machine learning and deep learning methods are used for automatic sentiment analysis of YouTube comments in several categories. Due to the increasing amount of user-generated content on YouTube, manual analysis of audience sentiment becomes increasingly challenging and time-consuming. Hence, in this paper, an efficient approach is proposed to analyse sentiments in YouTube comments based on natural language processing (NLP), machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) algorithms. In order to train the model, a dataset consisting of 50,000 YouTube comments belonging to different classes such as educational, entertainment, music, news, and games was collected using the YouTube Data API. The comments were processed through several techniques, including tokenisation, lemmatisation, removal of stopwords, conversion of slang words, and class balancing via SMOTE. In addition, several ML algorithms, including Random Forest, SVM and DL models such as CNN, BiLSTM, and BERT, were applied to perform the experiment. However, the results of these experiments showed that BERT transformers' algorithm generated the highest accuracy and macro F1 of 92.5% and 0.92, respectively, outperforming the rest of the machine learning algorithms. Optimal tuning of hyperparameters was vital for boosting accuracy, while the highest accuracy was achieved by BERT + RF (93.8%).
Maulik Narendrakumar Pandya, Animesh Kumar Agrawal
Comparative Evaluation of Weld Quality, Mechanical Performance, and Feasibility in Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded AA 8090–CFRP and AA 8090-PP Joints
Friction stir welding (FSW) joins materials without melting them during the process. It is often used for aluminum because it is more effective than conventional welding methods. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) can be utilized in the fabrication of thermoplastic polymers and dissimilar hybrid structures, resulting in joints with significant mechanical strength. Nevertheless, the process may occasionally lead to defects, such as voids or incomplete bonding, which could potentially compromise the overall strength and reliability of the joint. This study presents an experimental investigation into the dissimilar joining of AA 8090 aluminum alloy with carbon fiber reinforced (CFR) polymer and polypropylene (PP) under comparable friction stir welding (FSW) conditions. This study evaluated the joint feasibility, tensile performance, and weld defect characteristics of both material combinations.
Career Maturity and Study Habits of Secondary School Students”
This study explores the association between career maturity and study habits among students at the secondary school level. Career maturity is an important psychological and educational construct associated with students’ readiness to make appropriate career decisions, whereas study habits contribute significantly to academic growth and may also influence career planning and occupational preparedness. Using stratified random sampling, the researcher selected a sample of 600 secondary school students from Haryana and Rajasthan for the present investigation. To evaluate study habits, the researcher used the Study Habit Inventory developed by Mukhopadhyaya and Sansanwal, while career maturity was measured with the Career Maturity Scale prepared by Nirmala Gupta. The study was undertaken to explore the relationship between these two variables and to determine differences in career maturity among students possessing varying levels of study habits.
Status of Education of Differently Abled Children in Haryana
Access to inclusive education for differently abled children (DAC) in rural India remains profoundly constrained by infrastructural deficits, social attitudes, and policy implementation gaps. This study investigates the educational status of differently abled children across six selected villages of Haryana—Naya Bass, Ismaila, Hasangarh, Bhainsru Khurd, Naya Gaon, and Chhara. Key-informant interviews, and observational checklists, the study finds that approximately 70% of respondents are unaware of inclusive education provisions under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (RPWD Act). Village panchayats lack dedicated provisions for DAC, and 68% of parents report dissatisfaction with school services. Special educators are not available in six sampled village schools. These findings illuminate structural failures at the intersection of disability, rurality, and educational governance and offer evidence-based recommendations for policy reform.
Ms. Praveen Kumari and Dr. Umender Malik
Stigma by Association as a Barrier to Psychosocial Resilience: Implications for Healthcare System Strengthening among Children of Parents Living with HIV/AIDS in Telangana
HIV/AIDS remains one of the utmost consequential public health challenges of the contemporary era. Despite decades of biomedical advancement and sustained global programmatic investment, the epidemic remains to cast a far-reaching shadow on human health, social structures, and developmental outcomes across the ecosphere. According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), as of 2024, about 40.8 million people worldwide were existing with HIV, of whom 1.4 million were children between the ages of 0 and 14 [1]. While significant strides have been made in reducing AIDS-related mortality and the frequency of new infections, the epidemic's range extends well beyond those directly infected. According to UNICEF, roughly 13.8 million children under the age of 18 had lost one or both parents to AIDS-related causes as of 2024, with millions more exposed to heightened risks of poverty, school dropout, discrimination, and social exclusion [2]. These figures underscore a critical yet frequently underacknowledged dimension of the epidemic: the profound psychosocial toll borne not only by individuals living with HIV, but by the children who live alongside them — a population rendered vulnerable not by infection, but by association.
Ansilo Mathew, Dr. Lopamudra Das, Dr. Roy C. Mathew,
IoT and Cloud-Based Landslide Detection System Using Wireless Sensor Networks and Remote Sensing Data with Random Forest Algorithm
One of the most damaging natural disasters, landslides seriously harm human life, the environment, and infrastructure. Early identification and To lower the dangers related to landslides, ongoing monitoring is crucial. In order to provide real-time environmental monitoring and prediction, this study suggests an Internet of Things (IoT) cloud-based landslide detection and monitoring system that combines Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), remote sensing data, and machine learning approaches.. The system uses multiple environmental sensors, including a Soil Moisture sensor, Rainfall sensor, Ground Tilt sensor, Vibration sensor, Pore Pressure sensor, Temperature sensor, and Humidity sensor to monitor landslide-related parameters in real time.These sensor readings are transmitted through IoT devices to a cloud platform for storage and processing.To improve prediction accuracy, a Random Forest Machine Learning Algorithm is implemented to analyze the collected sensor data and identify patterns associated with potential landslide events. The model processes historical and real-time data to classify risk levels and generate early warning alerts. Experimental evaluation shows that the proposed system achieves an accuracy of approximately 95% in predicting landslide occurrences. The integration of IoT sensing technology, cloud computing, and Random Forest-based prediction enables efficient monitoring and timely alerts for disaster prevention. The proposed framework provides a low-cost, scalable, and reliable solution for landslide risk management in vulnerable regions.
M.Iswarya M.Devaki E . Arivoli R. Jagadeesh S. Arivukarasu M. Gajendran
Effect of a Structured Dietary Plan on Body Mass Index of Inter-University Male Players of Haryana: A Pre–Post Study
The aim of the present study is to find out the impact of a specific dietary regimen on the Body Mass Index (BMI) of male inter-university athletes from Haryana. For the purpose of the research, twenty male participants were chosen as subjects. A pre-post experimental research design was adopted, where the participants followed a specific dietary program for a specific period. Anthropometric parameters, i.e., weight, height, and BMI, were calculated both prior to and after the intervention. The pre-test means for weight, height, and BMI were found to be 68.20 kg, 170.05 cm, and 23.76, respectively, while the post-test means for weight, height, and BMI were found to be 66.69 kg, 170.05 cm, and 22.75, respectively. The results showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-test values at the 0.05 level, i.e., t (18) = 1.73, with the mean difference being 1.01. This shows that the dietary intervention had an impact on the BMI of the participants. The results show that an appropriate dietary plan can significantly affect the BMI of the players.
THE IMPACT OF BRAND LOYALTY ON UAE WOMEN'S COSMETICS PURCHASE BEHAVIOUR
Within the context of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), this study analyses the influence that brand loyalty has on the cosmetics purchasing behaviour of consumers who are female. Understanding the preferences of consumers has become more important for firms that want to maintain their market share in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where the cosmetics sector is undergoing rapid expansion and higher levels of competition. It is hypothesised that brand loyalty, which may be described as a consumer's persistent preference for a certain brand over time, has a substantial impact on the frequency of purchases, the tendency to switch brands, and overall consumer pleasure. For the purpose of gaining a more in-depth understanding of the factors that motivate brand loyalty, the research makes use of a mixed-method approach, which combines qualitative interviews with quantitative surveys of three hundred female customers from key cities in the United Arab Emirates. According to the findings, a strong attachment to a brand has a beneficial impact on purchasing decisions, lessens the sensitivity to price, and increases repeat purchases. Furthermore, it was shown that loyal customers are considerably strengthened by elements such as the reputation of the brand, the quality that is recognised, and emotional attachment. Marketing professionals that are looking to improve client retention, customise promotional methods, and increase brand equity in the highly competitive cosmetics industry in the United Arab Emirates will benefit greatly from the implications of this study.
Aseem Anand, Dr. Akansha Mer, Prof. Harsh Purohit,
National Education Policy 2020 and Educational Change in India: Policy, Culture and Implementation
The National Education Policy 2020 represents a major reform initiative aimed at transforming the structure, purpose and outcomes of education in India by linking access, quality, equity and cultural integration within a single policy framework. This paper examines the nature and extent of educational change in India in the post NEP period drawing on secondary data from the Indian Economic Survey 2025-26 and official reports of key ministries including the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment and the Ministry of Tribal Affairs in order to analyse trends in public spending, inclusion and implementation. The analysis shows that while there has been a visible expansion in the education system as reflected in increased enrolment, broader access and the extension of welfare schemes this expansion has not been matched by uniform improvements in quality, institutional capacity or we can say learning outcomes. The gap persists. Budgetary trends indicate a gradual increase in public expenditure on education yet allocations remain below the 6% GDP target proposed in NEP 2020 limiting the scale of reform. At the same time efforts to integrate Indian Knowledge Systems, local languages and cultural content into the curriculum signal a shift toward a more context-sensitive model of education, though this integration remains partial and uneven due to constraints related to curriculum development, teacher preparedness, institutional readiness etc. The process is ongoing. Afterall the findings suggest that educational change in India is real but incomplete shaped by the interaction between policy ambition, economic priorities and institutional realities where progress is evident but uneven across regions and sectors. Change is real. But not complete.
Dr. Dheeraj Pratap Mitra, Sikandar Yadav, Dr. Amar Singh
Value of Indian Rupee in the currency market and performance of company in India
Countries use their local currency for the domestic transactions inside the economy but when any business crosses the borders of economy, it gets exposed to the international currency market where prices of all the currencies are volatile as per the market force and activities for different reasons. It impacts on the earning of the company which goes beyond the borders. Business transacts with each other, exchanging currencies with the help of international currency market. Where 88% transactions are done in single currency which is dollar, as they swap the currencies with the dollar each time while doing international transaction. As the prices of currencies are decided by the market force, they vary as per the demand. If demand of your local currency is less then price of it will also be less which makes economy export oriented. Whereas high demand and high price of the currency reduce the chances of export from the economy. This study looks out the trend of the value of Indian rupee in the international currency market and tries to measure the impact of it on the performance of the company that is selected to find out the impact of price on the earning or revenue of the company. Rise or fall in the value of rupee puts the impact in the revenue collected by the company operating on international level. Volatility of the currency can be predicted with the help of regression analysis to improve revenue Introduction: Current Global currency system is heading towards a multipolar currency system, this change puts impact on the demand and the prices of the currencies world-wide. Indian rupee is not exception for it. In this transformation period, price of Indian rupee is volatile in the currency market. It impacts on the revenue collection and profit of the Indian company. Study focuses on the change in the value of INR against the different majorly used currencies, that are United states dollar, Euro, Great Britain pound, Chinese Renminbi, and Japanese Yen, change in the price of INR in against these selected currencies in the currency market makes impact on the profit and revenue of the companies in the India which are dealing on international level. Study selected companies which are working on international platform since last ten years. Dealing with the countries which trade with the currency basket currencies. Considering the change in the price and change in the earning and profit are studied with the regression analysis method.
Transforming Policing in India: Legal and Institutional Perspectives for Strengthening Criminal Justice Delivery
Policing plays a foundational role in the effective functioning of the criminal justice system. In India, the police serve as the primary law enforcement agency responsible for maintaining public order, preventing crime, and conducting criminal investigations. However, despite their critical role, police institutions in India face numerous structural, legal, and institutional challenges that limit their effectiveness in delivering justice. These challenges include the persistence of colonial-era legal frameworks, political interference in police administration, inadequate manpower and resources, lack of technological infrastructure, and concerns related to accountability and human rights protection. This study examines the transformation of policing in India from legal and institutional perspectives with the objective of strengthening criminal justice delivery. Using a doctrinal and analytical research methodology, the paper analyzes the legal framework governing policing, including constitutional provisions, statutory laws, and judicial pronouncements. It also evaluates institutional challenges affecting police performance, modernization initiatives undertaken by the government, and comparative policing practices in democratic countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. The findings of the study indicate that the effectiveness of policing in India is significantly influenced by outdated legal structures, institutional inefficiencies, and limited implementation of reform measures. While modernization initiatives such as digital policing systems and forensic advancements have improved certain aspects of law enforcement, comprehensive structural reforms remain necessary to ensure professional autonomy, accountability, and technological capacity within police institutions. The study concludes that transforming policing in India requires a multidimensional reform strategy involving legislative modernization, institutional restructuring, enhanced training programs, technological integration, and stronger accountability mechanisms. Strengthening police institutions is essential for improving criminal justice delivery, safeguarding constitutional rights, and reinforcing the rule of law in a democratic society.
Climatic and geo-spatial based assessment of drought susceptibility for Seraikela Kharsawan and Atreyee river basin of Dakshin Dinajpur districts of India
The Atreyee and Punarbhaba river basins experience severe flooding which occurs frequently throughout their territory that extends into Northern West Bengal India and Bangladesh. The Subarnarekha river creates havoc destruction in the district of Saraikela Kharsawan. The region experiences monsoon season floods because of its high rainfall combined with its shallow gradients and its restricted ability to handle river water. This project aims to study flood behavior which occurs in the Atreyee and Punarbhaba river basins through hydrological and hydrodynamic modeling techniques. The HEC-HMS modeling framework conducted rainfall-runoff modeling, while the HEC-RAS 2D modeling framework performed floodplain inundation mapping through its use of high-resolution DEM and satellite-derived data. The researchers used water level and discharge data from selected gauging stations to calibrate and validate their model. The spatial analysis examined flooding which occurred at different depths and durations across Thakurgaon, Gangarampur, and Balurghat low-lying areas which showed high flooding vulnerability. The study results show that the two river basins experience significant hydrologic connections which create high flooding risk for downstream areas that depend on rainfall from upstream locations. The study establishes three core elements which organizations must implement to achieve effective and sustainable flood risk reduction: land use management and real-time hydrologic forecasting and international cooperation. The simulation results support disaster management authorities and regional planners in developing flood risk management plans which include adaptive strategies and early warning systems.
Gitam Singh, Soumi Ghosh, Priyanka Majumder, Susanta Kumar Das, Barsarani Mallick, G.Venu Ratna Kumari, Manua Banerjee Asutosh Goswami, Shamik Dey
CULTURAL AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF SIMILES AND COMPARISONS IN PERSIAN AND UZBEK
This article analyzes the linguocultural essence of similes and their role in national thinking. Similes are considered not only as artistic expressive devices, but also as linguocultural units that reflect a nation’s worldview, cultural values, and mode of thinking. By comparing similes in different languages, special attention is paid to the system of national perceptions and images manifested through them. Based on examples from the Uzbek and Persian languages, the article examines national characteristics and cultural codes expressed through similes. In addition, the educational, aesthetic, and communicative functions of similes are also discussed.
Azimbaeva Nargiza Tukhtamuradovna[1], Tuychiyeva Oydin Sayfullayevna[2], Tadjiyeva Umida Faxriddinovna[3], Ahmedova Dilfuza Rafukjanovna[4] Yakubova Firuza Rashidovna[5], Ma’mura Sidiqova Adxamjonovna[6], Shahnoza Abdullayeva[7]
GROWTH AND IMPACT OF INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
India’s economic development has been characterized by rapid transformation, driven by structural reforms, globalization, and technological progress. Since liberalization in 1991, the country has experienced sustained GDP growth, becoming the world’s fourth-largest economy by 2025. Key drivers include industrial expansion, service sector dominance, digital innovation, and strong domestic demand. This growth has elevated India’s global economic standing, attracting foreign investment and fostering entrepreneurship.
Labour Welfare Practices as Determinants of Employee Productivity in Small and Medium Enterprises of Uttar Pradesh
Labour welfare practices have emerged as a critical strategic factor influencing employee productivity, particularly within Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), which form the backbone of industrial employment in Uttar Pradesh. This study investigates the role of labour welfare measures as key determinants of employee productivity in SMEs across selected industrial sectors of the state. Adopting a descriptive-cum-analytical research design, the study draws upon both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to industrial workers and managerial or HR personnel, while secondary data were sourced from government publications, labour laws, and relevant scholarly literature. The analysis focuses on major dimensions of labour welfare, including statutory and non-statutory welfare provisions, employee awareness of welfare schemes, perceived equity in implementation, and overall satisfaction with welfare facilities. Statistical tools such as descriptive analysis, Chi-square tests, ANOVA, and correlation analysis were employed to examine the relationship between labour welfare practices and productivity-related outcomes. The findings reveal a significant and positive association between effective labour welfare practices and employee motivation, job satisfaction, and work efficiency, leading to enhanced productivity in SMEs. Conversely, inadequate welfare provisions and limited awareness contribute to employee dissatisfaction and lower performance levels. The study concludes that labour welfare should be recognized not merely as a statutory requirement but as a strategic investment essential for improving productivity and ensuring sustainable growth of SMEs in Uttar Pradesh.
Vipul Singh Chauhan and Dr. Meenakshi Sharma
BETWEEN INNOVATION AND ILLEGALITY: A CRITICAL STUDY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CRIMES AND THE LIMITS OF INDIA’S EXISTING PENAL AND REGULATORY REGIME
The rapid proliferation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies has fundamentally transformed the nature of crime, governance, and legal accountability. While AI-driven innovation offers significant economic and administrative benefits, it simultaneously enables novel forms of criminal conduct that strain the conceptual foundations of contemporary criminal law. This research examines the phenomenon of AI-enabled crimes in India and evaluates the capacity of the country’s reformed criminal justice framework, particularly the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS), the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000, and allied regulatory instruments, to address such emerging harms. It argues that despite the replacement of the colonial-era Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860 with the BNS, India’s penal framework continues to rely on anthropocentric assumptions of intent, causation, and agency, rendering it ill-suited to crimes characterized by algorithmic autonomy, opacity, scalability, and distributed responsibility. The research delves into core criminal law doctrines, such as mens rea, attribution of liability, evidentiary standards, and corporate culpability in the context of AI-mediated conduct, exposing persistent doctrinal and enforcement gaps. It further critiques India’s fragmented and predominantly soft-law approach to AI governance, marked by sector-specific guidelines and ethical frameworks lacking binding force, and situates this within a comparative analysis of emerging international regulatory models. The research contends that the absence of a comprehensive statutory framework for AI accountability risks regulatory paralysis, either by under-criminalizing serious algorithmic harms or by adopting overbroad penal responses that may stifle innovation. It concludes by advocating a recalibrated, risk-sensitive, and anticipatory legal framework capable of harmonizing technological progress with the imperatives of legality, accountability, and constitutional governance.
Infrastructure and Facility-Oriented Perceptions of Sports Tourism Development in Ladakh
Background: This study explores the role of infrastructure and facilities in developing sports tourism in Ladakh, India, within the larger context of sports tourism as a driver of destination competitiveness and economic growth. Method: Using an exploratory qualitative research design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 35 stakeholders from the sports and tourism sectors, including government officials and tourism service providers. The data were analysed using qualitative content analysis, supported by NVivo-based word clouds and thematic coding. Results: The findings highlight a strong focus among stakeholders on infrastructure-driven development, revealing deficiencies in sport-specific facilities—especially for winter sports—and facing limitations in transport connectivity and supporting tourism infrastructure. The study shows a shift in stakeholder discourse from emphasising nature-based approaches to implementation readiness, stressing the importance of government intervention, public–private collaboration, and region-specific planning to advance sports tourism. Conclusion: Although Ladakh has notable natural and climatic advantages for adventure and winter sports, strategic investments in infrastructure, accessibility, and institutional coordination are necessary to transform the region into a well-structured and competitive sports tourism destination capable of hosting training programs and sporting events.
Hussain Ali , Dr. Deepak Kumar Dogra, Dr. Binayak Kumar Dubey
Shift in Digital Democracy Dynamics: A Comparative Analysis of Indian Perspectives
This study explores the dynamic dimensions of India's democratic participation, namely in the context of unprecedented digital technology integration. The paper canvases the changes in parliamentary processes, citizen participation, and governance openness through initiatives like the National e-Vidhan Application (NeVA) and MyGov. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach integrating descriptive statistical analysis, case study research, and comparative analysis, the study attempts to achieve five main aims: (i) to critically examine the democratic ideals after the adoption of digital technologies, (ii) to assess the contribution of digital communication technology to increasing parliamentary accessibility, (iii) to examine the implications of such technologies for public stakeholders, (iv) to determine the most effective channels of information exchange between the citizen and parliament, and (v) to identify possible challenges and future strategies in the sustenance of digital democracy. Empirical results are displayed in the form of adoption statistics, time-series plots illustrating the growth of users, and demographic participant indicators, supplemented by six intensive case studies of technology-supported democratic innovations in India. The study reports that, while digital platforms have radically boosted accessibility, inclusivity, and legislative openness, challenges remain in terms of scalability of infrastructure, protection of data, and equitable access. Policy suggestions include the decentralization of infrastructure, reinforcement of data governance frameworks, and initiatives for citizen digital literacy.
Geetanjali Raghav and Dr.Pawan Singh Malik
Agriculture Pattern in Haryana: A major shift to Wheat and Rice Crops
The cropping pattern can be defined as the spatial sequence of cropping under various crops for a given area at a certain time. There have been a lot of changes which have taken place in cropping pattern of Haryana since Green revolution. The Haryana government encouraged the farmers to cultivate Wheat and Rice as a part of this green revolution drive and procure both these crops at MSP. The present paper is attempted to present an analytical account of Wheat and Paddy crops in the state of Haryana. The paper reveals the spatial and temporal variations in both the crops for the time period from period of green revolution to 2019-20. The paper studies the area wise production of both the crops under study. The data has been sourced from Statistical Abstract of Haryana. Secondary data from books, journals, periodicals etc. has been used to draw conclusions for the present paper. The paper finds that the change in cropping pattern of the crops has largely been affected by the changing market- oriented farming of the crops which has in turn, affected the soil fertility, nutritional value of crops and environment as well.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF WOMEN IN RURAL HARYANA: A STUDY FROM FIELD SURVEY
The socioeconomic status of women is an indicator of the development and progress of any, society and country, as women play a significant role in the development of a country. They play an essential role in maintaining their home and managing their farms and animals depending upon the family's situational, personal, and socio-economic characteristics. The current study was conducted in 6 districts of Haryana, India. Data were collected from 400 Rural women using a structured interview schedule. 10% women were chosen from each selected village thus constituting a sample size of 400 by Multistage random method. The study's main objective was to find out the Socio-Economic Status of Women in the Study area and to provide appropriate suggestions for developing Rural Women in the Study area. The profile of rural women, concerning their demographic characteristics, revealed that 19.75% are illiterate, 60% lack access to filtered water facilities, 75.5% are unemployed, and 32% rely exclusively on firewood for cooking.
A Manifestation of Collective power and toxic masculinity in sexual based violence: Gang Rape and Group Violence
In India, the violence against women in the form of gang rape and group violence shows the brutal exposure of gender power in the society, along with the societal norms constructed with dominant power of men for masculinity and control. This research paper examines the role that patriarchal norms, collective male dominance, and culturally endorsed notions of power play in perpetration of crime along with the important role of women in the society and how their security, dignity and autonomy are the main part for overall community moral and social aspects. Despite an increased awareness of the issue, there are substantial gaps in the literature with respect to existing knowledge on the interlinkages between group psychology, masculine identity and system failure that facilitate such acts of violence. To address these gaps the researcher has provide the focused on main question that what socio- cultural factors contribute to group based sexual violence. The methodology used in the research paper is based on qualitative analysis of case studies, review of legal frameworks and examination of theories on dominant power of men, group violence and crime.
GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS AS A TOOL FOR SAFEGUARDING INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES: EVALUATING THE ROLE OF GI IN PREVENTING BIOPIRACY IN INDIA
Geographical Indications (GIs) have become one of the most significant types of intellectual property security that acknowledges the relationship between a product and its geographic origin and traditional knowledge of indigenous and local communities. Biological resources and other traditional knowledge are being misused in misguided commercialism in the form of unauthorised commercial use in biodiversity rich nations such as India, where biopiracy threatens the rights of the community, cultural heritage and sustainable development. The traditional intellectual property systems, where unique ownership and novelty are emphasised, are not in a good position to protect intergenerational and community knowledge systems. This paper will discuss how Geographical Indications can be used as a legal tool to protect indigenous communities and stop biopiracy in India. The paper examines national law including Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 and Biological Diversity Act, 2002, and applicable international instruments, including TRIPS Agreement and Convention on Biological Diversity using a doctrinal research methodology. Another important source used in the study is selected Indian case studies such as Darjeeling Tea, Basmati Rice, and traditional handicrafts to gauge the practical efficiency of GI protection in combating the misappropriation and the unauthorised commercial exploitation.
Artificial Intelligence and Patent Ownership: Should India Amend Patent Act, 1970?
The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed the innovation landscape, raising critical questions about inventorship and patentability under existing legal frameworks. This study examined whether India’s Patent Act, 1970, adequately addressed AI-generated inventions and analyzed international approaches, economic implications, and ethical considerations. Using a descriptive research design and secondary data sources, including legal statutes, case law, and scholarly articles, the study found that the current Act, which recognizes only natural persons as inventors, created ambiguity and potential legal uncertainty for AI-driven innovation. Comparative analysis of global jurisprudence, particularly the DABUS cases in the United States, United Kingdom, European Union, and Japan, revealed a predominant reluctance to grant inventorship to AI, while some jurisdictions explored sui generis rights or hybrid frameworks. The study highlighted that excluding AI from patent protection could discourage investment and innovation, whereas unregulated human attribution might raise ethical and economic concerns. Based on these findings, the study suggested that India consider legislative reform, interpretive flexibility, or hybrid models to clarify ownership, incentivize AI research, and align with global trends. The research emphasized the need for a future-ready patent framework that balanced human accountability, ethical considerations, and India’s competitiveness in the global knowledge economy.
Dr. Karan Singh Gaur and Dr. Garima Yadav
Cultural Encounters and Socio-Cultural Transformations: Assessing the Socio-Cultural Impact of Tourism on Host Communities in Himachal Pradesh, India
Tourism in the Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh represents one of India’s most dynamic socio-economic sectors, yet it simultaneously reconfigures the cultural fabric of mountain communities. This study investigates how tourism influences residents’ cultural values, identity, and community resilience across four key districts—Shimla, Kullu–Manali, Kangra–Dharamshala, and Lahaul–Spiti. A mixed-methods design was employed, combining quantitative surveys of 450 residents with qualitative interviews analyzed through NVivo 14. Quantitative data were processed using SPSS 28 for descriptive, reliability, and regression analyses, operationalizing three constructs: the Cultural Preservation Index (CPI), Socio-Cultural Interaction (SCI), and Community Cultural Resilience (CCR). Results reveal a nuanced relationship between tourism intensity and community well-being. While cultural commodification and generational value shifts emerge in urbanized sites such as Shimla and Manali, peripheral districts like Lahaul–Spiti demonstrate adaptive resilience and active heritage safeguarding. Regression models confirm that higher levels of community participation significantly predict stronger CPI and CCR scores (p < 0.01). Thematic analysis identifies four dominant codes—cultural continuity, identity negotiation, participatory governance, and lifestyle transformation—capturing how tourism reshapes social meanings of culture and place. This research adds to the existing knowledge of mountain tourism by examining the socio-cultural effects within the Himalayan region. It also offers practical suggestions for creating sustainable tourism policies in Himachal Pradesh.
Mr. Akshey Dehal , Dr. Vineet Kumar , Mr. Mohit Atri , Mr. Prashant Balodi , Dr. Akshay Thakur